Hydrocodone Bitartrate
Tablet, Extended Release · Oral
Uses
Hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets are indicated for the management of severe and persistent pain that requires an opioid analgesic and that cannot be adequately treated with alternative options, including immediate-release opioids. Limitations of Use Because of the risks of addiction, abuse, misuse, overdose and death, which can occur at any dosage or duration and persist over the course of therapy [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 )] , reserve opioid analgesics, including hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets, for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options are ineffective, not tolerated, or would be otherwise inadequate to provide sufficient management of pain. Hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets are not indicated as an as-needed (prn) analgesic. Hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets are an opioid agonist indicated for the management of severe and persistent pain that requires an opioid analgesic and that cannot be adequately treated with alternative options, including immediate-release opioids. ( 1 ) Limitations of Use Because of the risks of addiction, abuse, misuse, overdose, and death, which can occur at any dosage or duration and persist over the course of therapy, reserve opioid analgesics, including hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options are ineffective, not tolerated, or would be otherwise inadequate to provide sufficient management of pain. ( 1 , 5.1 ) Hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets are not indicated as an as-needed (prn) analgesic. ( 1 )
Dosage and administration
Hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets should be prescribed only by healthcare professionals who are knowledgeable about the use of extended-release/long-acting opioids and how to mitigate the associated risks. ( 2.1 ) Daily doses of hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets greater than or equal to 80 mg are only for use in patients in whom tolerance to an opioid of comparable potency has been established. ( 2.1 ) Patients considered opioid-tolerant are those taking, for one week or longer, at least 60 mg oral morphine per day, 25 mcg transdermal fentanyl per hour, 30 mg oral oxycodone per day, 8 mg oral hydromorphone per day, 25 mg oral oxymorphone per day, 60 mg oral hydrocodone per day, or an equianalgesic dose of another opioid. ( 2.1 ) Use the lowest effective dosage for the shortest duration consistent with individual patient treatment goals. ( 2.1 ) Reserve titration to higher doses of hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets for patients in whom lower doses are insufficiently effective and in whom the expected benefits of using a higher dose opioid clearly outweigh the substantial risks. ( 2.1 , 5.1 ) Initiate the dosing regimen for each patient individually, taking into account the patient’s underlying cause and severity of pain, prior analgesic treatment and response, and risk factors for addiction, abuse, and misuse. ( 2.1 , 5.1 ) Respiratory depression can occur at any time during opioid therapy, especially when initiating and following dosage increases with hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets. Consider this risk when selecting an initial dose and when making dose adjustments. ( 2.1 , 5.2 ) Hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets are administered orally once daily (every 24 hours). ( 2.1 ) Instruct patients to swallow hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets intact, and not to crush, chew, or dissolve the tablets (risk of potentially fatal overdose). ( 2.1 , 5.1 ) Instruct patients to take tablets one at a time, with enough water to ensure complete swallowing immediately after placing in the mouth. ( 2.1 , 5.13 ) For patients who are not opioid tolerant, initiate with 20 mg tablets orally every 24 hours. ( 2.3 ) Discuss opioid overdose reversal agents and options for acquiring them with the patient and/or caregiver, both when initiating and renewing treatment with hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets, especially if the patient has additional risk factors for overdose, or close contacts at risk for exposure and overdose. ( 2.2 , 5.1 , 5.2 , 5.3 ) To convert to hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets from another opioid, follow the conversion instructions to obtain an estimated dose. ( 2.3 ) Dose titration of hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets may occur every 3 to 5 days. ( 2.4 ) Periodically reassess patients receiving hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets to evaluate the continued need for opioid analgesics to maintain pain control, for the signs or symptoms of adverse reactions, and for the development of addiction, abuse, or misuse. ( 2.4 ) Patients with Severe Hepatic Impairment : Initiate dosing with one half of the recommended starting dosage and titrate carefully. Regularly evaluate for respiratory depression, sedation, and hypotension. ( 2.5 ) Patients with Moderate to Severe Renal Impairment and End-Stage Renal Disease : Initiate dosing at one half the recommended starting dosage and titrate carefully. Regularly evaluate for signs of respiratory depression, sedation, and hypotension. ( 2.6 ) Do not rapidly reduce or abruptly discontinue hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets in a physically-dependent patient because rapid reduction or abrupt discontinuation of opioid analgesics has resulted in serious withdrawal symptoms, uncontrolled pain, and suicide. ( 2.7 , 5.16 ) 2.1 Important Dosage and Administration Instructions Hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets should be prescribed only by healthcare professionals who are knowledgeable about the use of extended-release/long-acting opioids and how to mitigate the associated risks. Daily doses of hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets greater than or equal to 80 mg are only for use in patients in whom tolerance to an opioid of comparable potency has been established. Patients who are opioid tolerant are those receiving, for one week or longer, at least 60 mg oral morphine per day, 25 mcg transdermal fentanyl per hour, 30 mg oral oxycodone per day, 8 mg oral hydromorphone per day, 25 mg oral oxymorphone per day, 60 mg oral hydrocodone per day, or an equianalgesic dose of another opioid. Use the lowest effective dosage for the shortest duration of time consistent with individual patient treatment goals [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5 )] . Because the risk of overdose increases as opioid doses increase, reserve titration to higher doses of hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets for patients in whom lower doses are insufficiently effective and in whom the expected benefits of using a higher dose opioid clearly outweigh the substantial risks. Initiate the dosing regimen for each patient individually, taking into account the patient's underlying cause and severity of pain, prior analgesic treatment and response, and risk factors for addiction, abuse, and misuse [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 )] . Respiratory depression can occur at any time during opioid therapy, especially when initiating and following dosage increases with hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets. Consider this risk when selecting an initial dose and when making dose adjustments [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 )] . Hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets are administered orally once daily (every 24 hours). Multiple tablets of lower dose strengths that provide the desired total daily dose can be taken as a once daily dose.
Dosage forms and strengths
20 mg film-coated extended-release tablets (white, round, film-coated tablet, “A392” printed in black ink on one side, blank on the other side) 30 mg film-coated extended-release tablets (beige, round, film-coated tablet, “A393” printed in black ink on one side, blank on the other side) 40 mg film-coated extended-release tablets (pink, round, film-coated tablet, “A394” printed in black ink on one side, blank on the other side) 60 mg film-coated extended-release tablets (blue, round, film-coated tablet, “A395” printed in black ink on one side, blank on the other side) 80 mg film-coated extended-release tablets (violet, round, film-coated tablet, “A396” printed in black ink on one side, blank on the other side) 100 mg film-coated extended-release tablets (green, round, film-coated tablet, “A397” printed in black ink on one side, blank on the other side) 120 mg film-coated extended-release tablets (yellow, round, film-coated tablet, “A398” printed in black ink on one side, blank on the other side) Extended-release tablets: 20 mg, 30 mg, 40 mg, 60 mg, 80 mg, 100 mg, and 120 mg ( 3 )
Contraindications
Hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets are contraindicated in patients with: Significant respiratory depression [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 )] Acute or severe bronchial asthma in an unmonitored setting or in the absence of resuscitative equipment [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.8 )] Known or suspected gastrointestinal obstruction, including paralytic ileus [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.13 , 5.14 )] Hypersensitivity to hydrocodone or any component of hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets. Significant respiratory depression ( 4 ) Acute or severe bronchial asthma in an unmonitored setting or in the absence of resuscitative equipment ( 4 ) Known or suspected gastrointestinal obstruction, including paralytic ileus ( 4 ) Hypersensitivity to hydrocodone or to any other components of hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets ( 4 )
Warnings and precautions
Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia and Allodynia : Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia (OIH) occurs when an opioid analgesic paradoxically causes an increase in pain, or an increase in sensitivity to pain. If OIH is suspected, carefully consider appropriately decreasing the dose of the current opioid analgesic, or opioid rotation. ( 5.7 ) Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression in Patients with Chronic Pulmonary Disease or in Elderly, Cachectic, or Debilitated Patients : Regularly evaluate, particularly during initiation and titration. ( 5.8 ) Adrenal Insufficiency : If diagnosed, treat with physiologic replacement of corticosteroids, and wean patient off of the opioid. ( 5.9 ) Severe Hypotension : Regularly evaluate during dosage initiation and titration. Avoid use of hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets in patients with circulatory shock. ( 5.10 ) QTc Prolongation : Avoid use in patients with congenital long QTc syndrome. In patients who develop QTc prolongation, consider reducing the dose. ( 5.11 , 12.2 ) Risks of Use in Patients with Increased Intracranial Pressure, Brain Tumors, Head Injury, or Impaired Consciousness : Monitor for sedation and respiratory depression. Avoid use of hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets in patients with circulatory shock. ( 5.12 ) Risk of Obstruction in Patients who have Difficulty Swallowing or have Underlying GI Disorders that may Predispose them to Obstruction : Consider use of an alternative analgesic. ( 5.14 ) 5.1 Addiction, Abuse, and Misuse Hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets contain hydrocodone, a Schedule II controlled substance. As an opioid, hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets expose users to the risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse. Although the risk of addiction in any individual is unknown, it can occur in patients appropriately prescribed hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets. Addiction can occur at recommended doses and if the drug is misused or abused. The risk of opioid-related overdose or overdose-related death is increased with higher opioid doses, and this risk persists over the course of therapy. In postmarketing studies, addiction, abuse, misuse, and fatal and non-fatal opioid overdose were observed in patients with long-term opioid use [see Adverse Reactions ( 6.2 )] . Assess each patient’s risk for opioid addiction, abuse, or misuse prior to prescribing hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets, and reassess all patients receiving hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets for the development of these behaviors and conditions. Risks are increased in patients with a personal or family history of substance abuse (including drug or alcohol abuse or addiction) or mental illness (e.g., major depression). The potential for these risks should not, however, prevent the prescribing of hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets for the proper management of pain in any given patient. Patients at increased risk may be prescribed opioids such as hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets, but use in such patients necessitates intensive counseling about the risks and proper use of hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets along with frequent reevaluation for signs of addiction, abuse, and misuse. Consider recommending or prescribing an opioid overdose reversal agent [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.2 ), Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 )]. Abuse or misuse of hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets by crushing, chewing, snorting, or injecting the dissolved product will result in the uncontrolled delivery of the hydrocodone and can result in overdose and death [see Drug Abuse and Dependence ( 9.2 ), Overdosage ( 10 )] . Opioids are sought for nonmedical use and are subject to diversion from legitimate prescribed use. Consider these risks when prescribing or dispensing hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets. Strategies to reduce these risks include prescribing the drug in the smallest appropriate quantity and advising the patient on careful storage of the drug during the course of treatment and the proper disposal of unused drug. Contact local state professional licensing board or state-controlled substances authority for information on how to prevent and detect abuse or diversion of this product. 5.2 Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression Serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression has been reported with the use of opioids, even when used as recommended. Respiratory depression, if not immediately recognized and treated, may lead to respiratory arrest and death. Management of respiratory depression may include close observation, supportive measures, and use of opioid overdose reversal agents, depending on the patient’s clinical status [see Overdosage ( 10 )] . Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) retention from opioid-induced respiratory depression can exacerbate the sedating effects of opioids. While serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression can occur at any time during the use of hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets, the risk is greatest during the initiation of therapy or following a dosage increase. To reduce the risk of respiratory depression, proper dosing and titration of hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets are essential [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.1 , 2.3 )] . Overestimating the hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets dosage when converting patients from another opioid product can result in fatal overdose with the first dose. Accidental ingestion of even one dose of hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets, especially by children, can result in respiratory depression and death due to an overdose of hydrocodone. Educate patients and caregivers on how to recognize respiratory depression and emphasize the importance of calling 911 or getting emergency medical help right away in the event of a known or suspected overdose.
Side effects
The following serious adverse reactions are described elsewhere in the labeling: Addiction, Abuse, and Misuse [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 )] Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 )] Interactions with Benzodiazepine or Other CNS Depressants [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3 )] Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4 )] Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia and Allodynia [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.7 )] Adrenal Insufficiency [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.9 )] Severe Hypotension [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.10 )] Gastrointestinal Adverse Reactions [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.13 , 5.14 )] Seizures [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.15 )] Withdrawal [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.16 )] Most common treatment-emergent adverse events (incidence ≥ 5%) are constipation, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, upper respiratory tract infection, dizziness, headache, and somnolence. ( 6.1 ) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Alvogen, Inc. at 1-866-770-3024 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch. 6.1 Clinical Trial Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. A total of 1,827 patients were treated with hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets in controlled and open-label chronic pain clinical trials. Five hundred patients were treated for 6 months and 364 patients were treated for 12 months. The clinical trial population consisted of patients who were not opioid tolerant and opioid-experienced patients with persistent moderate to severe chronic pain. The common adverse reactions (≥2%) reported by patients in clinical trials comparing hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets (20 mg/day to 120 mg/day) with placebo are shown in Table 2 below: Table 2: Adverse Reactions Reported in ≥2% of Patients during the Open-Label Titration Period and Double-Blind Treatment Period: Patients Who Were Not Opioid Tolerant and Opioid-Experienced Patients Open-label Titration Period Double-blind Treatment Period MedDRA Preferred Term (N=905) (%) Placebo (N=292) (%) Hydrocodone Bitartrate Extended-Release Tablets (N=296) (%) Nausea 16 5 8 Constipation 9 2 3 Vomiting 7 3 6 Dizziness 7 2 3 Headache 7 2 2 Somnolence 5 1 1 Fatigue 4 1 1 Pruritus 3 <1 0 Tinnitus 2 1 2 Insomnia 2 2 3 Decreased appetite 1 1 2 Influenza 1 1 3 The adverse reactions seen in controlled and open-label chronic pain studies are presented below in the following manner: most common (≥5%), common (≥1% to <5%), and less common (<1%). The most common adverse reactions (≥5%) reported by patients treated with hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets in the chronic pain clinical trials were constipation, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, upper respiratory tract infection, dizziness, headache, somnolence. The common (≥1% to <5%) adverse events reported by patients treated with hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets in the chronic pain clinical trials organized by MedDRA (Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities) System Organ Class were: Ear and labyrinth disorders tinnitus Gastrointestinal disorders abdominal pain, abdominal pain upper, diarrhea, dry mouth, dyspepsia, gastroesophageal reflux disease General disorders and administration site conditions chest pain, chills, edema peripheral, pain, pyrexia Infections and infestations bronchitis, gastroenteritis, gastroenteritis viral, influenza, nasopharyngitis, sinusitis, urinary tract infection Injury, poisoning and procedural complications fall, muscle strain Metabolism and nutrition disorders decreased appetite Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders arthralgia, back pain, muscle spasms, musculoskeletal pain, myalgia, pain in extremity Nervous system disorders lethargy, migraine, sedation Psychiatric disorders anxiety, depression, insomnia Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders cough, nasal congestion, oropharyngeal pain Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders hyperhidrosis, pruritus, rash Vascular disorders hot flush, hypertension Other less common adverse reactions that were seen in <1% of the patients in the hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets chronic pain clinical trials include the following in alphabetical order: abdominal discomfort, abdominal distention, agitation, asthenia, choking, confusional state, depressed mood, drug hypersensitivity, drug withdrawal syndrome, dysphagia, dyspnea, esophageal obstruction, flushing, hypogonadism, hypotension, hypoxia, irritability, libido decreased, malaise, mental impairment, mood altered, muscle twitching, edema, orthostatic hypotension, palpitations, presyncope, retching, syncope, thinking abnormal, thirst, tremor, and urinary retention. 6.2 Postmarketing Experience The following adverse reactions have been identified during post approval use of hydrocodone. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. Serotonin syndrome : Cases of serotonin syndrome, a potentially life-threatening condition, have been reported during concomitant use of opioids with serotonergic drugs. Adrenal insufficiency : Cases of adrenal insufficiency have been reported with opioid use, more often following greater than one month of use. Anaphylaxis : Anaphylaxis has been reported with ingredients contained in hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets. Androgen deficiency : Cases of androgen deficiency have occurred with use of opioids for an extended period of time [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.2 )] .
Drug interactions
Table 3 includes clinically significant drug interactions with hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets. Table 3: Clinically Significant Drug Interactions with Hydrocodone Bitartrate Extended-Release Tablets Inhibitors of CYP3A4 Clinical Impact: The concomitant use of hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets and CYP3A4 inhibitors can increase the plasma concentration of hydrocodone, resulting in increased or prolonged opioid effects. These effects could be more pronounced with concomitant use of hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets and CYP3A4 inhibitors, particularly when an inhibitor is added after a stable dose of hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets is achieved [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.6 )] . After stopping a CYP3A4 inhibitor, as the effects of the inhibitor decline, the hydrocodone plasma concentration will decrease [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )] , resulting in decreased opioid efficacy or a withdrawal syndrome in patients who had developed physical dependence to hydrocodone. Intervention: If concomitant use is necessary, consider dosage reduction of hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets until stable drug effects are achieved. Evaluate patients at frequent intervals for respiratory depression and sedation. If a CYP3A4 inhibitor is discontinued, consider increasing the hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets dosage until stable drug effects are achieved. Assess for signs of opioid withdrawal. Examples: Macrolide antibiotics (e.g., erythromycin), azole-antifungal agents (e.g., ketoconazole), protease inhibitors (e.g., ritonavir). CYP3A4 Inducers Clinical Impact: The concomitant use of hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets and CYP3A4 inducers can decrease the plasma concentration of hydrocodone [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )] , resulting in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence to hydrocodone [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.6 )] . After stopping a CYP3A4 inducer, as the effects of the inducer decline, the hydrocodone plasma concentration will increase [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )] , which could increase or prolong both the therapeutic effects and adverse reactions, and may cause serious respiratory depression. Intervention: If concomitant use is necessary, consider increasing the hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablet dosage until stable drug effects are achieved. Evaluate for signs of opioid withdrawal. If a CYP3A4 inducer is discontinued, consider hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablet dosage reduction and evaluate patients at frequent intervals for signs of respiratory depression and sedation. Examples: Rifampin, carbamazepine, phenytoin Benzodiazepines and Other Central Nervous System (CNS) Depressants Clinical Impact: Due to additive pharmacologic effect, the concomitant use of benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants, including alcohol, can increase the risk of hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3 )] . Intervention: Reserve concomitant prescribing of these drugs for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required. Inform patients and caregivers of this potential interaction and educate them on the signs and symptoms of respiratory depression (including sedation). If concomitant use is warranted, consider recommending or prescribing an opioid overdose reversal agent [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.2 ), Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 , 5.2 , 5.3 )] . Examples: Benzodiazepines and other sedatives/hypnotics, anxiolytics, tranquilizers, muscle relaxants, general anesthetics, antipsychotics, gabapentinoids (gabapentin or pregabalin), other opioids, alcohol. Serotonergic Drugs Clinical Impact: The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome. Intervention: If concomitant use is warranted, frequently evaluate the patient, particularly during treatment initiation and dose adjustment. Discontinue hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets if serotonin syndrome is suspected. Examples: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), triptans, 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, drugs that affect the serotonin neurotransmitter system (e.g., mirtazapine, trazodone, tramadol), certain muscle relaxants (i.e., cyclobenzaprine, metaxalone), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (those intended to treat psychiatric disorders and also others, such as linezolid and intravenous methylene blue). Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) Clinical Impact: MAOI interactions with opioids may manifest as serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity (e.g., respiratory depression, coma) [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3 )] . Intervention: The use of hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets is not recommended for patients taking MAOIs or within 14 days of stopping such treatment. Examples: Phenelzine, tranylcypromine, linezolid Mixed Agonist/Antagonist and Partial Agonist Opioid Analgesics Clinical Impact: May reduce the analgesic effect of hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets and/or precipitate withdrawal symptoms. Intervention: Avoid concomitant use. Examples: butorphanol, nalbuphine, pentazocine, buprenorphine Muscle Relaxants Clinical Impact: Hydrocodone may enhance the neuromuscular blocking action of skeletal muscle relaxants and produce an increased degree of respiratory depression. Intervention: Because respiratory depression may be greater than otherwise expected, decrease the dosage of hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets and/or the muscle relaxant as necessary.
Use in specific populations
Pregnancy : May cause fetal harm. ( 8.1 ) Lactation : Not recommended. ( 8.2 ) 8.1 Pregnancy Risk Summary Use of opioid analgesics for an extended period of time during pregnancy may cause neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4 )] . Available data with hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets in pregnant women are insufficient to inform a drug-associated risk for major birth defects and miscarriage. In animal reproduction studies with hydrocodone in rats and rabbits no embryotoxicity or teratogenicity was observed. However, reduced pup survival rates, reduced fetal/pup body weights, and delayed ossification were observed at doses causing maternal toxicity. In all of the studies conducted, the exposures in animals were less than the human exposure [see Data] . The background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively. Clinical Considerations Fetal/neonatal adverse reactions Use of opioid analgesics for extended period of time during pregnancy for medical or nonmedical purposes can result in physical dependence in the neonate and neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome shortly after birth. Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome presents as irritability, hyperactivity and abnormal sleep pattern, high pitched cry, tremor, vomiting, diarrhea, and failure to gain weight. The onset, duration, and severity of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome vary based on the specific opioid used, duration of use, timing and amount of last maternal use, and rate of elimination of the drug by the newborn. Observe newborns for symptoms of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and manage accordingly [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4 )] . Labor and Delivery Opioids cross the placenta and may produce respiratory depression and psycho-physiologic effects in neonates. An opioid overdose reversal agent, such as naloxone or nalmefene, must be available for reversal of opioid-induced respiratory depression in the neonate. Hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets are not recommended for use in pregnant women during or immediately prior to labor, when use of shorter-acting analgesics or other analgesic techniques are more appropriate. Opioid analgesics, including hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets, can prolong labor through actions which temporarily reduce the strength, duration, and frequency of uterine contractions. However, this effect is not consistent and may be offset by an increased rate of cervical dilation, which tends to shorten labor. Monitor neonates exposed to opioid analgesics during labor for signs of excess sedation and respiratory depression. Data Animal Data No evidence of embryotoxicity or teratogenicity was observed after oral administration of hydrocodone throughout the period of organogenesis in rats and rabbits at doses up to 30 mg/kg/day (approximately 0.1 and 0.3 times, respectively, the human hydrocodone dose of 120 mg/day based on AUC exposure comparisons). However, in these studies, reduced fetal body weights and delayed ossification were observed in rat at 30 mg/kg/day and reduced fetal body weights were observed in rabbits at 30 mg/kg/day (approximately 0.1 and 0.3 times, respectively, the human hydrocodone dose of 120 mg/day based on AUC exposure comparisons). In a pre- and post-natal development study pregnant rats were administered oral hydrocodone throughout the period of gestation and lactation. At a dose of 30 mg/kg/day decreased pup viability, pup survival indices, litter size and pup body weight were observed. This dose is approximately 0.1 times the human hydrocodone dose of 120 mg/day based on AUC exposure comparisons. 8.2 Lactation Risk Summary Hydrocodone is present in human milk. A published lactation study reports variable concentrations of hydrocodone and hydromorphone (an active metabolite) in breast milk with administration of immediate-release hydrocodone to nursing mothers in the early post-partum period. This lactation study did not assess breastfed infants for potential adverse drug reactions. Lactation studies have not been conducted with hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets, and no information is available on the effects of the drug on the breastfed infant or the effects of the drug on milk production. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions, including excess sedation and respiratory depression in a breastfed infant, advise patients that breastfeeding is not recommended during treatment with hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets. Clinical Considerations Monitor infants exposed to hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets through breast milk for excess sedation and respiratory depression. Withdrawal symptoms can occur in breastfed infants when maternal administration of an opioid analgesic is stopped, or when breastfeeding is stopped. 8.3 Females and Males of Reproductive Potential Infertility Use of opioids for an extended period of time may cause reduced fertility in females and males of reproductive potential. It is not known whether these effects on fertility are reversible [see Adverse Reactions ( 6.2 ), Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.2 ), Nonclinical Toxicology ( 13.1 )] . 8.4 Pediatric Use The safety and effectiveness of hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets in pediatric patients have not been established. Hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets gradually forms a viscous hydrogel (i.e., a gelatinous mass) when exposed to water or other fluids.
Pregnancy
8.1 Pregnancy Risk Summary Use of opioid analgesics for an extended period of time during pregnancy may cause neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4 )] . Available data with hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets in pregnant women are insufficient to inform a drug-associated risk for major birth defects and miscarriage. In animal reproduction studies with hydrocodone in rats and rabbits no embryotoxicity or teratogenicity was observed. However, reduced pup survival rates, reduced fetal/pup body weights, and delayed ossification were observed at doses causing maternal toxicity. In all of the studies conducted, the exposures in animals were less than the human exposure [see Data] . The background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively. Clinical Considerations Fetal/neonatal adverse reactions Use of opioid analgesics for extended period of time during pregnancy for medical or nonmedical purposes can result in physical dependence in the neonate and neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome shortly after birth. Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome presents as irritability, hyperactivity and abnormal sleep pattern, high pitched cry, tremor, vomiting, diarrhea, and failure to gain weight. The onset, duration, and severity of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome vary based on the specific opioid used, duration of use, timing and amount of last maternal use, and rate of elimination of the drug by the newborn. Observe newborns for symptoms of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and manage accordingly [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4 )] . Labor and Delivery Opioids cross the placenta and may produce respiratory depression and psycho-physiologic effects in neonates. An opioid overdose reversal agent, such as naloxone or nalmefene, must be available for reversal of opioid-induced respiratory depression in the neonate. Hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets are not recommended for use in pregnant women during or immediately prior to labor, when use of shorter-acting analgesics or other analgesic techniques are more appropriate. Opioid analgesics, including hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets, can prolong labor through actions which temporarily reduce the strength, duration, and frequency of uterine contractions. However, this effect is not consistent and may be offset by an increased rate of cervical dilation, which tends to shorten labor. Monitor neonates exposed to opioid analgesics during labor for signs of excess sedation and respiratory depression. Data Animal Data No evidence of embryotoxicity or teratogenicity was observed after oral administration of hydrocodone throughout the period of organogenesis in rats and rabbits at doses up to 30 mg/kg/day (approximately 0.1 and 0.3 times, respectively, the human hydrocodone dose of 120 mg/day based on AUC exposure comparisons). However, in these studies, reduced fetal body weights and delayed ossification were observed in rat at 30 mg/kg/day and reduced fetal body weights were observed in rabbits at 30 mg/kg/day (approximately 0.1 and 0.3 times, respectively, the human hydrocodone dose of 120 mg/day based on AUC exposure comparisons). In a pre- and post-natal development study pregnant rats were administered oral hydrocodone throughout the period of gestation and lactation. At a dose of 30 mg/kg/day decreased pup viability, pup survival indices, litter size and pup body weight were observed. This dose is approximately 0.1 times the human hydrocodone dose of 120 mg/day based on AUC exposure comparisons.
Pediatric use
8.4 Pediatric Use The safety and effectiveness of hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets in pediatric patients have not been established. Hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets gradually forms a viscous hydrogel (i.e., a gelatinous mass) when exposed to water or other fluids. Pediatric patients may be at increased risk of esophageal obstruction, dysphagia, and choking because of a smaller gastrointestinal lumen if they ingest hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.13 )] .
Geriatric use
8.5 Geriatric Use In a controlled pharmacokinetic study, elderly subjects (greater than 65 years) compared to young adults had similar plasma concentrations of hydrocodone [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )] . Of the 1827 subjects exposed to hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets in the pooled chronic pain studies, 241 (13%) were age 65 and older (including those age 75 and older), while 42 (2%) were age 75 and older. In clinical trials with appropriate initiation of therapy and dose titration, no untoward or unexpected adverse reactions were seen in the elderly patients who received hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets. In general, use caution when selecting a dosage for an elderly patient, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy. Respiratory depression is the chief risk for elderly patients treated with opioids, and has occurred after large initial doses were administered to patients who were not opioid-tolerant or when opioids were co-administered with other agents that depress respiration. Titrate the dosage of hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets slowly in geriatric patients and frequently reevaluate the patient for signs of central nervous system and respiratory depression [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.8 )] . Hydrocodone is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of adverse reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to regularly evaluate renal function.
Overdosage
Clinical Presentation Acute overdosage with hydrocodone can be manifested by respiratory depression, somnolence progressing to stupor or coma, skeletal muscle flaccidity, cold and clammy skin, constricted pupils, and, in some cases, pulmonary edema, bradycardia, hypotension, hypoglycemia, partial or complete airway obstruction, atypical snoring, and death. Marked mydriasis rather than miosis may be seen with hypoxia in overdose situations [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.2 )] . Toxic leukoencephalopathy has been reported after opioid overdose and can present hours, days, or weeks after apparent recovery from the initial intoxication. Treatment of Overdose In case of overdose, priorities are the re-establishment of a patent airway and institution of assisted or controlled ventilation, if needed. Employ other supportive measures (including oxygen and vasopressors) in the management of circulatory shock and pulmonary edema accompanying overdose as indicated. Cardiac arrest or arrhythmias will require advanced life support measures. For clinically significant respiratory or circulatory depression secondary to hydrocodone overdose, administer an opioid overdose reversal agent such as naloxone or nalmefene. Because the duration of opioid reversal is expected to be less than the duration of action of hydrocodone in hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets, carefully monitor the patient until spontaneous respiration is reliably re-established. Hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets will continue to release hydrocodone and add to the hydrocodone load for 24 to 48 hours or longer following ingestion, necessitating prolonged monitoring. If the response to an opioid overdose reversal agent is suboptimal or only brief in nature, administer additional reversal agent as directed by the product’s prescribing information. In an individual physically dependent on opioids, administration of the recommended dose of the opioid overdose reversal agent will precipitate an acute withdrawal syndrome. The severity of the withdrawal syndrome produced will depend on the degree of physical dependence and the dose of the reversal agent administered. If a decision is made to treat serious respiratory depression in the physically dependent patient, administration of the reversal agent should be initiated with care and by titration with smaller than usual doses of the reversal agent.
Description
Hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets are supplied in 20 mg, 30 mg, 40 mg, 60 mg, 80 mg, 100 mg and 120 mg film-coated tablets for oral administration. The tablet strengths describe the amount of hydrocodone per tablet as the bitartrate salt. Hydrocodone bitartrate is an opioid agonist. Its chemical name is 4,5α-epoxy-3-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan-6-one tartrate (1:1) hydrate (2:5). Its structural formula is: Empirical formula: C 18 H 21 NO 3
• C 4 H 6 O 6
• 2½H 2 O; Molecular weight: 494.49. Hydrocodone bitartrate exists as fine white crystals or a crystalline powder. It is affected by light. It is soluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol, and insoluble in ether and chloroform. The 20 mg, 30 mg, 40 mg, 60 mg, 80 mg, 100 mg and 120 mg tablets contain the following inactive ingredients: hydroxypropyl cellulose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyethylene oxide, polysorbate 80, polyvinyl alcohol, talc, and titanium dioxide. The 30 mg tablets also contain iron oxide red and iron oxide yellow. The 40 mg tablets also contain iron oxide red. The 60 mg tablets also contain FD&C Blue #2. The 80 mg tablets also contain D&C Red #27 and FD&C Blue #1. The 100 mg tablets also contain FD&C Blue #2 and iron oxide yellow. The 120 mg tablets also contain iron oxide yellow. The tablet imprinting ink contains ammonium hydroxide, butyl alcohol, iron oxide black, isopropyl alcohol, propylene glycol, and shellac.
Mechanism of action
12.1 Mechanism of Action Hydrocodone is a full opioid agonist with relative selectivity for the mu-opioid receptor, although it can interact with other opioid receptors at higher doses. The principal therapeutic action of hydrocodone is analgesia. Like all full opioid agonists, there is no ceiling effect for analgesia with hydrocodone. Clinically, dosage is titrated to provide adequate analgesia and may be limited by adverse reactions, including respiratory and CNS depression. The precise mechanism of the analgesic action is unknown. However, specific CNS opioid receptors for endogenous compounds with opioid-like activity have been identified throughout the brain and spinal cord and are thought to play a role in the analgesic effects of this drug.
How supplied
Hydrocodone Bitartrate Extended-Release Tablets 20 mg are white, round, film-coated tablets, with “A392” printed in black ink on one side, and blank on the other side. They are supplied in opaque plastic bottles with a child-resistant closure. (NDC 47781-392-60, Bottle of 60 tablets). Hydrocodone Bitartrate Extended-Release Tablets 30 mg are beige, round, film-coated tablets, with “A393” printed in black ink on one side, and blank on the other side. They are supplied in opaque plastic bottles with a child-resistant closure. (NDC 47781-393-60, Bottle of 60 tablets). Hydrocodone Bitartrate Extended-Release Tablets 40 mg are pink, round, film-coated tablets, with “A394” printed in black ink on one side, and blank on the other side. They are supplied in opaque plastic bottles with a child-resistant closure. (NDC 47781-394-60, Bottle of 60 tablets). Hydrocodone Bitartrate Extended-Release Tablets 60 mg are blue, round, film-coated tablets, with “A395” printed in black ink on one side, and blank on the other side. They are supplied in opaque plastic bottles with a child-resistant closure. (NDC 47781-395-60, Bottle of 60 tablets). Hydrocodone Bitartrate Extended-Release Tablets 80 mg are violet, round, film-coated tablets, with “A396” printed in black ink on one side, and blank on the other side. They are supplied in opaque plastic bottles with a child-resistant closure. (NDC 47781-396-60, Bottle of 60 tablets). Hydrocodone Bitartrate Extended-Release Tablets 100 mg are green, round, film-coated tablets, with “A397” printed in black ink on one side, and blank on the other side. They are supplied in opaque plastic bottles with a child-resistant closure. (NDC 47781-397-60, Bottle of 60 tablets). Hydrocodone Bitartrate Extended-Release Tablets 120 mg are yellow, round, film-coated tablets, with “A398” printed in black ink on one side, and blank on the other side. They are supplied in opaque plastic bottles with a child-resistant closure. (NDC 47781-398-60, Bottle of 60 tablets). Store at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted between 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container, as defined by the USP. Store Hydrocodone Bitartrate Extended-Release Tablets securely and dispose of properly.
Patient information
Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide). Storage and Disposal Because of the risks associated with accidental ingestion, misuse, and abuse, advise patients to store hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets securely, out of sight and reach of children, and in a location not accessible by others, including visitors to the home. Inform patients that leaving hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets unsecured can pose a deadly risk to others in the home [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 , 5.2 ), Drug Abuse and Dependence ( 9.2 )] . Advise patients and caregivers that when medicines are no longer needed, they should be disposed of promptly. Expired, unwanted, or unused hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets should be disposed of by flushing the unused medication down the toilet if a drug take-back option is not readily available. Inform patients that they can visit www.fda.gov/drugdisposal for a complete list of medicines recommended for disposal by flushing, as well as additional information on disposal of unused medicines. Addiction, Abuse, and Misuse Inform patients that the use of hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets, even when taken as recommended, can result in addiction, abuse, and misuse, which can lead to overdose or death [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 )] . Instruct patients not to share hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets with others and to take steps to protect hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets from theft or misuse. Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression Inform patients of the risk of life-threatening respiratory depression, including information that the risk is greatest when starting hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets or when the dosage is increased, and that it can occur even at recommended dosages. Educate patients and caregivers on how to recognize respiratory depression and emphasize the importance of calling 911 or getting emergency medical help right away in the event of a known or suspected overdose [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 ), Overdosage ( 10 )] . Accidental Ingestion Inform patients that accidental ingestion, especially by children, may result in respiratory depression or death [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 )] . Interaction with Benzodiazepines and other CNS Depressants Inform patients and caregivers that potentially fatal additive effects may occur if hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets are used with benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants, including alcohol (e.g., non-benzodiazepine sedative/hypnotics, anxiolytics, tranquilizers, muscle relaxants, general anesthetics, antipsychotics, gabapentinoids [gabapentin or pregabalin], and other opioids), and not to use these concomitantly unless supervised by a health care provider [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3 ), Drug Interactions ( 7 )] . Patient Access to an Opioid Overdose Reversal Agent for the Emergency Treatment of Opioid Overdose Inform patients and caregivers about opioid overdose reversal agents (e.g., naloxone, nalmefene). Discuss the importance of having access to an opioid overdose reversal agent, especially if the patient has risk factors for overdose (e.g., concomitant use of CNS depressants, a history of opioid use disorder, or prior opioid overdose) or if there are household members (including children) or other close contacts at risk for accidental ingestion or opioid overdose. Discuss with the patient the options for obtaining an opioid overdose reversal agent (e.g., prescription, over-the-counter, or as part of a community-based program) [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.2 ), Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3 )] . Educate patients and caregivers on how to recognize the signs and symptoms of an overdose. Explain to patients and caregivers that effects of opioid overdose reversal agents like naloxone and nalmefene are temporary, and that they must call 911 or get emergency medical help right away in all cases of known or suspected opioid overdose, even if an opioid overdose reversal agent is administered [see Overdosage ( 10 )] . Advise patients and caregivers: how to treat with the opioid overdose reversal agent in the event of an opioid overdose. to tell family and friends about the overdose reversal agent and to keep it in a place where family and friends can access it in an emergency. to read the Patient Information (or other educational material) that will come with their opioid overdose reversal agent. Emphasize the importance of doing this before an opioid emergency happens, so the patient and caregiver will know what to do. Hyperalgesia and Allodynia Inform patients and caregivers not to increase opioid dosage without first consulting a clinician. Advise patients to seek medical attention if they experience symptoms of hyperalgesia, including worsening pain, increased sensitivity to pain, or new pain [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.7 ), Adverse Reactions ( 6.2 )] . Serotonin Syndrome Inform patients that opioids could cause a rare but potentially life-threatening condition called serotonin syndrome resulting from concomitant administration of serotonergic drugs. Warn patients of the symptoms of serotonin syndrome and to seek medical attention right away if symptoms develop. Instruct patients to inform their healthcare providers if they are taking, or plan to take serotonergic medications [see Drug Interactions ( 7 )] . MAOI Interaction Inform patients to avoid taking hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets while using any drugs that inhibit monoamine oxidase. Patients should not start MAOIs while taking hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets [see Drug Interactions ( 7 )] .
Label text from the FDA structured product label by Alvogen Inc. (revised Oct 7, 2025). Long sections are shortened; the complete label is on DailyMed.
Active ingredients
- Hydrocodone Bitartrate in 13 products
Hydrocodone Bitartrate NDC products (13)
| NDC | Strength & form | Labeler | Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| 47781-392 | Hydrocodone Bitartrate 20 mg/1 Tablet, Extended Release | Alvogen Inc. | ANDA · DEA CII |
| 47781-393 | Hydrocodone Bitartrate 30 mg/1 Tablet, Extended Release | Alvogen Inc. | ANDA · DEA CII |
| 47781-394 | Hydrocodone Bitartrate 40 mg/1 Tablet, Extended Release | Alvogen Inc. | ANDA · DEA CII |
| 47781-395 | Hydrocodone Bitartrate 60 mg/1 Tablet, Extended Release | Alvogen Inc. | ANDA · DEA CII |
| 47781-396 | Hydrocodone Bitartrate 80 mg/1 Tablet, Extended Release | Alvogen Inc. | ANDA · DEA CII |
| 47781-397 | Hydrocodone Bitartrate 100 mg/1 Tablet, Extended Release | Alvogen Inc. | ANDA · DEA CII |
| 47781-398 | Hydrocodone Bitartrate 120 mg/1 Tablet, Extended Release | Alvogen Inc. | ANDA · DEA CII |
| 47781-409 | Hydrocodone Bitartrate 10 mg/1 Capsule, Extended Release | Alvogen Inc. | ANDA · DEA CII |
| 47781-410 | Hydrocodone Bitartrate 15 mg/1 Capsule, Extended Release | Alvogen Inc. | ANDA · DEA CII |
| 47781-411 | Hydrocodone Bitartrate 20 mg/1 Capsule, Extended Release | Alvogen Inc. | ANDA · DEA CII |
| 47781-412 | Hydrocodone Bitartrate 30 mg/1 Capsule, Extended Release | Alvogen Inc. | ANDA · DEA CII |
| 47781-413 | Hydrocodone Bitartrate 40 mg/1 Capsule, Extended Release | Alvogen Inc. | ANDA · DEA CII |
| 47781-414 | Hydrocodone Bitartrate 50 mg/1 Capsule, Extended Release | Alvogen Inc. | ANDA · DEA CII |
Frequently asked questions
What is Hydrocodone Bitartrate used for?
Hydrocodone bitartrate extended-release tablets are indicated for the management of severe and persistent pain that requires an opioid analgesic and that cannot be adequately treated with alternative options, including immediate-release opioids. Limitations of Use Because of the risks of addiction, abuse, misuse, overdose and death, which can occur at any dosage or duration and persist over the…
What are the side effects of Hydrocodone Bitartrate?
The following serious adverse reactions are described elsewhere in the labeling: Addiction, Abuse, and Misuse [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 )] Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 )] Interactions with Benzodiazepine or Other CNS Depressants [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3 )] Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4 )]… See the full label for the complete list.
Who makes Hydrocodone Bitartrate?
Hydrocodone Bitartrate is listed by 1 labeler in the FDA NDC directory, including Alvogen Inc..