Ritonavir
Tablet, Film Coated · Oral
Uses
Ritonavir tablets are indicated in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Ritonavir tablets are HIV protease inhibitors indicated in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. (1)
Dosage and administration
Adult patients: 600 mg twice-day with meals. (2.2) Pediatrics patients: Do not exceed 600 mg twice daily dose with meals for children greater than one month of age. The dose is based on body surface area. (2.3) Dose modification for ritonavir tablets is necessary when used with other protease inhibitors. (2.5) 2.1 General Administration Recommendations Ritonavir tablets must be used in combination with other antiretroviral agents. Administer ritonavir tablets orally. Swallow ritonavir tablets whole. Do not chew, break or crush ritonavir tablets. Take ritonavir tablets with meals. 2.2 Dosage Recommendations in Adults Recommended Dosage for Treatment of HIV-1: The recommended dosage of ritonavir tablets are 600 mg twice daily by mouth to be taken with meals. Use of a dose titration schedule may help to reduce treatment-emergent adverse events while maintaining appropriate ritonavir plasma levels. Start ritonavir tablets at no less than 300 mg twice daily and increase at 2 to 3 day intervals by 100 mg twice daily. Do not exceed the maximum dose of 600 mg twice daily upon completion of the titration [see Dosage and Administration (2.5) ] . 2.3 Dosage Recommendations in Pediatric Patients Ritonavir tablets must be used in combination with other antiretroviral agents [see Dosage and Administration (2.1) ] . The recommended dosage of ritonavir tablets in pediatric patients older than 1 month is 350 mg to 400 mg per m 2 twice daily by mouth to be taken with meals. Do not exceed 600 mg twice daily. Start ritonavir tablets at 250 mg per m 2 twice daily and increase at 2 to 3 day intervals by 50 mg per m 2 twice daily. If patients do not tolerate 400 mg per m 2 twice daily due to adverse events, use the highest tolerated dose for maintenance therapy in combination with other antiretroviral agents, or consider using alternative therapy [see Dosage and Administration (2.5) ] . 2.5 Dose Modification due to Drug Interaction Reduce dose of ritonavir tablets when used with other protease inhibitors: atazanavir, darunavir, fosamprenavir, saquinavir, and tipranavir. Consult the full prescribing information and clinical study information of these protease inhibitors when they are co-administered with a reduced dose of ritonavir [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) and Drug Interactions (7) ] .
Dosage forms and strengths
Ritonavir Tablets, USP White to off-white, oval, film-coated unscored tablets debossed with the "AN61" on one side and plain on the other side. Tablet: 100 mg (3)
Contraindications
Consult the prescribing information of the co-administered protease inhibitor for contraindication information for that product. Ritonavir tablets are contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity (e.g., toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) or Stevens-Johnson syndrome) to ritonavir or any of its ingredients. Ritonavir is contraindicated with drugs that are highly dependent on CYP3A for clearance and for which elevated plasma concentrations are associated with serious and/or life-threatening reactions [see Drug Interactions (7.1) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ] . Alpha 1- Adrenoreceptor Antagonist: alfuzosin Antianginal: ranolazine Antiarrhythmics: amiodarone, dronedarone, flecainide, propafenone, quinidine Antifungal: voriconazole Anti-gout: colchicine Antipsychotics: lurasidone, pimozide Ergot Derivatives: dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergonovine GI Motility Agent: cisapride HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors: lovastatin, simvastatin Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP) Inhibitor: lomitapide o Non-opioid Analgesic (selective blocker of Na v 1.8 sodium channels): suzetrigine PDE5 Inhibitor: sildenafil (Revatio ® ) when used for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension Sedative/Hypnotics: triazolam, orally administered midazolam Ritonavir is contraindicated with drugs that are potent CYP3A inducers where significantly reduced ritonavir plasma concentrations may be associated with the potential for loss of virologic response and possible resistance and cross-resistance [see Drug Interactions (7.2) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ] . Anticancer Agents: apalutamide Herbal Products: St. John's Wort (hypericum perforatum) Ritonavir tablets are contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to ritonavir (e.g., toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome) or any of its ingredients. (4) Co-administration with drugs highly dependent on CYP3A for clearance and for which elevated plasma concentrations may be associated with serious and/or life-threatening events. (4) Co-administration with drugs that significantly reduce ritonavir. (4)
Warnings and precautions
The following have been observed in patients receiving ritonavir: The concomitant use of ritonavir and certain other drugs may result in known or potentially significant drug interactions. Consult the full prescribing information prior to and during treatment for potential drug interactions. (5.1 , 7.2) Hepatotoxicity: Fatalities have occurred. Monitor liver function before and during therapy, especially in patients with underlying hepatic disease, including hepatitis B and hepatitis C, or marked transaminase elevations. (5.2 , 8.6) Pancreatitis: Fatalities have occurred; suspend therapy as clinically appropriate. (5.3) Allergic Reactions/Hypersensitivity: Allergic reactions have been reported and include anaphylaxis, toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, bronchospasm and angioedema. Discontinue treatment if severe reactions develop. (5.4 , 6.2) PR interval prolongation may occur in some patients. Cases of second and third degree heart block have been reported. Use with caution with patients with preexisting conduction system disease, ischemic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, underlying structural heart disease or when administering with other drugs that may prolong the PR interval. (5.5 , 12.3) Total cholesterol and triglycerides elevations: Monitor prior to therapy and periodically thereafter. (5.6) Patients may develop new onset or exacerbations of diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia. (5.7) Patients may develop immune reconstitution syndrome. (5.8) Patients may develop redistribution/accumulation of body fat. (5.9) Hemophilia: Spontaneous bleeding may occur, and additional factor VIII may be required. (5.10) 5.1 Risk of Serious Adverse Reactions Due to Drug Interactions Initiation of ritonavir, a CYP3A inhibitor, in patients receiving medications metabolized by CYP3A or initiation of medications metabolized by CYP3A in patients already receiving ritonavir, may increase plasma concentrations of medications metabolized by CYP3A. Initiation of medications that inhibit or induce CYP3A may increase or decrease concentrations of ritonavir, respectively. These interactions may lead to: Clinically significant adverse reactions, potentially leading to severe, life-threatening, or fatal events from greater exposures of concomitant medications. Clinically significant adverse reactions from greater exposures of ritonavir. Loss of therapeutic effect of ritonavir and possible development of resistance. When co-administering ritonavir with other protease inhibitors, see the full prescribing information for that protease inhibitor including important Warnings and Precautions. See Table 3 for steps to prevent or manage these possible and known significant drug interactions, including dosing recommendations [see Drug Interactions (7) ] . Consider the potential for drug interactions prior to and during ritonavir therapy; review concomitant medications during ritonavir therapy, and monitor for the adverse reactions associated with the concomitant medications [see Contraindications (4) and Drug Interactions (7) ] . 5.2 Hepatotoxicity Hepatic transaminase elevations exceeding 5 times the upper limit of normal, clinical hepatitis, and jaundice have occurred in patients receiving ritonavir alone or in combination with other antiretroviral drugs (see Table 2). There may be an increased risk for transaminase elevations in patients with underlying hepatitis B or C. Therefore, caution should be exercised when administering ritonavir to patients with pre-existing liver diseases, liver enzyme abnormalities, or hepatitis. Increased AST/ALT monitoring should be considered in these patients, especially during the first three months of ritonavir treatment [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6) ] . There have been postmarketing reports of hepatic dysfunction, including some fatalities. These have generally occurred in patients taking multiple concomitant medications and/or with advanced AIDS. 5.3 Pancreatitis Pancreatitis has been observed in patients receiving ritonavir therapy, including those who developed hypertriglyceridemia. In some cases fatalities have been observed. Patients with advanced HIV disease may be at increased risk of elevated triglycerides and pancreatitis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6) ] . Pancreatitis should be considered if clinical symptoms (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain) or abnormalities in laboratory values (such as increased serum lipase or amylase values) suggestive of pancreatitis should occur. Patients who exhibit these signs or symptoms should be evaluated and ritonavir therapy should be discontinued if a diagnosis of pancreatitis is made. 5.4 Allergic Reactions/Hypersensitivity Allergic reactions including urticaria, mild skin eruptions, bronchospasm, and angioedema have been reported. Cases of anaphylaxis, toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), and Stevens-Johnson syndrome have also been reported. Discontinue treatment if severe reactions develop. 5.5 PR Interval Prolongation Ritonavir prolongs the PR interval in some patients. Post marketing cases of second or third degree atrioventricular block have been reported in patients. Ritonavir should be used with caution in patients with underlying structural heart disease, preexisting conduction system abnormalities, ischemic heart disease, cardiomyopathies, as these patients may be at increased risk for developing cardiac conduction abnormalities. The impact on the PR interval of co-administration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers, beta-adrenergic blockers, digoxin and atazanavir) has not been evaluated. As a result, co-administration of ritonavir with these drugs should be undertaken with caution, particularly with those drugs metabolized by CYP3A. Clinical monitoring is recommended [see Drug Interactions (7) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ] .
Side effects
The following adverse reactions are discussed in greater detail in other sections of the labeling. Drug Interactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ] Hepatotoxicity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ] Pancreatitis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ] Allergic Reactions/Hypersensitivity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) ] When co-administering ritonavir with other protease inhibitors, see the full prescribing information for that protease inhibitor including adverse reactions. The most frequently reported adverse drug reactions among patients receiving ritonavir alone or in combination with other antiretroviral drugs were gastrointestinal (including diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain (upper and lower), neurological disturbances (including paresthesia and oral paresthesia), rash, and fatigue/asthenia. (6.1) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC at 1-877-835-5472 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch. 6.1 Clinical Trial Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reactions rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. Adverse Reactions in Adults The safety of ritonavir alone and in combination with other antiretroviral agents was studied in 1,755 adult patients. Table 1 lists treatment-emergent Adverse Reactions (with possible or probable relationship to study drug) occurring in greater than or equal to 1% of adult patients receiving ritonavir in combined Phase II/IV studies. The most frequently reported adverse drug reactions among patients receiving ritonavir alone or in combination with other antiretroviral drugs were gastrointestinal (including diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain (upper and lower)), neurological disturbances (including paresthesia and oral paresthesia), rash, and fatigue/asthenia. Table 1. Treatment-Emergent Adverse Reactions (With Possible or Probable Relationship to Study Drug) Occurring in greater than or equal to 1% of Adult Patients Receiving Ritonavir in Combined Phase II/IV Studies (N = 1,755) Adverse Reactions n % Eye disorders Blurred vision 113 6.4 Gastrointestinal disorders Abdominal Pain (upper and lower)* 464 26.4 Diarrhea including severe with electrolyte imbalance* 1,192 67.9 Dyspepsia 201 11.5 Flatulence 142 8.1 Gastrointestinal hemorrhage* 41 2.3 Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) 19 1.1 Nausea 1,007 57.4 Vomiting* 559 31.9 General disorders and administration site conditions Fatigue including asthenia* 811 46.2 Hepatobiliary disorders Blood bilirubin increased (including jaundice)* 25 1.4 Hepatitis (including increased AST, ALT, GGT)* 153 8.7 Immune system disorders Hypersensitivity including urticaria and face edema* 114 8.2 Metabolism and nutrition disorders Edema and peripheral edema* 110 6.3 Gout* 24 1.4 Hypercholesterolemia* 52 3.0 Hypertriglyceridemia* 158 9.0 Lipodystrophy acquired* 51 2.9 Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders Arthralgia and back pain* 326 18.6 Myopathy/creatine phosphokinase increased* 66 3.8 Myalgia 156 8.9 Nervous system disorders Dizziness* 274 15.6 Dysgeusia* 285 16.2 Paresthesia (including oral paresthesia)* 889 50.7 Peripheral neuropathy 178 10.1 Syncope* 58 3.3 Psychiatric disorders Confusion* 52 3.0 Disturbance in attention 44 2.5 Renal and urinary disorders Increased urination* 74 4.2 Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders Coughing* 380 21.7 Oropharyngeal Pain* 279 15.9 Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders Acne* 67 3.8 Pruritus* 214 12.2 Rash (includes erythematous and maculopapular)* 475 27.1 Vascular disorders Flushing, feeling hot* 232 13.2 Hypertension* 58 3.3 Hypotension including orthostatic hypotension* 30 1.7 Peripheral coldness* 21 1.2 * Represents a medical concept including several similar MedDRA PTs Laboratory Abnormalities in Adults Table 2 shows the percentage of adult patients who developed marked laboratory abnormalities. Table 2. Percentage of Adult Patients, by Study and Treatment Group, with Chemistry and Hematology Abnormalities Occurring in greater than 3% of Patients Receiving Ritonavir Study 245 Naive Patients Study 247 Advanced Patients Study 462 PI-Naive Patients Variable Limit Ritonavir plus ZDV Ritonavir ZDV Ritonavir Placebo Ritonavir plus Saquinavir Chemistry High Cholesterol > 240 mg/dL 30.7 44.8 9.3 36.5 8.0 65.2 CPK > 1000 IU/L 9.6 12.1 11.0 9.1 6.3 9.9 GGT > 300 IU/L 1.8 5.2 1.7 19.6 11.3 9.2 SGOT (AST) > 180 IU/L 5.3 9.5 2.5 6.4 7.0 7.8 SGPT (ALT) > 215 IU/L 5.3 7.8 3.4 8.5 4.4 9.2 Triglycerides > 800 mg/dL 9.6 17.2 3.4 33.6 9.4 23.4 Triglycerides > 1500 mg/dL 1.8 2.6 - 12.6 0.4 11.3 Triglycerides Fasting > 1500 mg/dL 1.5 1.3 - 9.9 0.3 - Uric Acid > 12 mg/dL - - - 3.8 0.2 1.4 Hematology Low Hematocrit < 30% 2.6 - 0.8 17.3 22.0 0.7 Hemoglobin < 8.0 g/dL 0.9 - - 3.8 3.9 - Neutrophils ≤ 0.5 x 10 9 /L - - - 6.0 8.3 - RBC < 3.0 x 10 12 /L 1.8 - 5.9 18.6 24.4 - WBC < 2.5 x 10 9 /L - 0.9 6.8 36.9 59.4 3.5 - Indicates no events reported. Adverse Reactions in Pediatric Patients Ritonavir has been studied in 265 pediatric patients greater than 1 month to 21 years of age. The adverse event profile observed during pediatric clinical trials was similar to that for adult patients. Vomiting, diarrhea, and skin rash/allergy were the only drug-related clinical adverse events of moderate to severe intensity observed in greater than or equal to 2% of pediatric patients enrolled in ritonavir clinical trials. Laboratory Abnormalities in Pediatric Patients The following Grade 3-4 laboratory abnormalities occurred in greater than 3% of pediatric patients who received treatment with ritonavir either alone or in combination with reverse transcriptase inhibitors: neutropenia (9%), hyperamylasemia (7%), thrombocytopenia (5%), anemia (4%), and elevated AST (3%).
Drug interactions
When co-administering ritonavir with other protease inhibitors (atazanavir, darunavir, fosamprenavir, saquinavir, and tipranavir), see the full prescribing information for that protease inhibitor including important information for drug interactions. Co-administration of ritonavir can alter the concentrations of other drugs. The potential for drug-drug interactions must be considered prior to and during therapy. (4, 5.1, 7, 12.3) 7.1 Potential for Ritonavir to Affect Other Drugs Ritonavir is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) and may increase plasma concentrations of agents that are primarily metabolized by CYP3A. Agents that are extensively metabolized by CYP3A and have high first pass metabolism appear to be the most susceptible to large increases in AUC (greater than 3-fold) when co-administered with ritonavir. Thus, co-administration of ritonavir with drugs highly dependent on CYP3A for clearance and for which elevated plasma concentrations are associated with serious and/or life-threatening events is contraindicated. Co-administration with other CYP3A substrates may require a dose adjustment or additional monitoring as shown in Table 3. Ritonavir also inhibits CYP2D6 to a lesser extent. Co-administration of substrates of CYP2D6 with ritonavir could result in increases (up to 2-fold) in the AUC of the other agent, possibly requiring a proportional dosage reduction. Ritonavir also appears to induce CYP3A, CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2B6 as well as other enzymes, including glucuronosyl transferase. These examples are a guide and not considered a comprehensive list of all possible drugs that may interact with ritonavir. The healthcare provider should consult appropriate references for comprehensive information. 7.2 Established and Other Potentially Significant Drug Interactions Table 3 provides a list of established or potentially clinically significant drug interactions. Alteration in dose or regimen may be recommended based on drug interaction studies or predicted interaction [see Contraindications (4) , Warnings and Precautions (5.1) , and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ] for magnitude of interaction. Table 3. Established and Other Potentially Significant Drug Interactions Concomitant Drug Class: Drug Name Effect on Concentration of Ritonavir or Concomitant Drug Clinical Comment HIV-Antiviral Agents HIV-1 Protease Inhibitor: atazanavir darunavir fosamprenavir ↑ amprenavir ↑ atazanavir ↑ darunavir See the complete prescribing information for fosamprenavir, atazanavir, darunavir for details on co-administration with ritonavir. HIV-1 Protease Inhibitor: indinavir ↑ indinavir Appropriate doses for this combination, with respect to efficacy and safety, have not been established. HIV-1 Protease Inhibitor: saquinavir ↑ saquinavir See the complete prescribing information for saquinavir for details on co-administration of saquinavir and ritonavir. Saquinavir/ritonavir in combination with rifampin is not recommended due to the risk of severe hepatotoxicity (presenting as increased hepatic transaminases) if the three drugs are given together. HIV-1 Protease Inhibitor: tipranavir ↑ tipranavir See the complete prescribing information for tipranavir for details on co-administration of tipranavir and ritonavir. Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor: delavirdine ↑ ritonavir Appropriate doses of this combination with respect to safety and efficacy have not been established. HIV-1 CCR5 – antagonist: maraviroc ↑ maraviroc See the complete prescribing information for maraviroc for details on co-administration of maraviroc and ritonavir-containing protease inhibitors. Integrase Inhibitor: raltegravir ↓ raltegravir The effects of ritonavir on raltegravir with ritonavir dosage regimens greater than 100 mg twice daily have not been evaluated, however raltegravir concentrations may be decreased with ritonavir co-administration. Other Agents Alpha 1-Adrenoreceptor Antagonist: alfuzosin ↑ alfuzosin Contraindicated due to potential hypotension [see Contraindications (4) ] . Antianginal: ranolazine ↑ ranolazine Contraindicated due to potential for serious and/or life-threatening reactions [see Contraindications (4) ] . Analgesics, Opioid: tramadol, propoxyphene, methadone, fentanyl ↑ analgesics ↓ methadone ↑ fentanyl A dose decrease may be needed for these drugs when co-administered with ritonavir. Dosage increase of methadone may be considered. Careful monitoring of therapeutic and adverse effects (including potentially fatal respiratory depression) is recommended when fentanyl is concomitantly administered with ritonavir. Analgesics, Non-opioid (selective blocker of Na v 1.8 sodium channels) suzetrigine ↑ suzetrigine and active metabolite M6-SUZ Co-administration contraindicated due to potential for serious and/or life-threatening suzetrigine adverse reactions [see Contraindications (4) ] . Anesthetic: meperidine ↓ meperidine/ ↑ normeperidine (metabolite) Dosage increase and long-term use of meperidine with ritonavir are not recommended due to the increased concentrations of the metabolite normeperidine which has both analgesic activity and CNS stimulant activity (e.g., seizures). Antiarrhythmics: amiodarone, dronedarone, flecainide, propafenone, quinidine ↑ antiarrhythmics Contraindicated due to potential for cardiac arrhythmias [see Contraindications (4) ] . Antiarrhythmics: disopyramide, lidocaine, mexiletine ↑ antiarrhythmics Caution is warranted and therapeutic concentration monitoring is recommended for antiarrhythmics when co-administered with ritonavir, if available. Anticancer Agents: abemaciclib, apalutamide, dasatinib, encorafenib, ibrutinib, ivosidenib, neratinib, nilotinib, venetoclax, vinblastine, vincristine ↑ anticancer agents ↓ ritonavir # Apalutamide is contraindicated due to potential for loss of virologic response and possible resistance to ritonavir or to the class of protease inhibitors [see Contraindications (4) ] .
Use in specific populations
When co-administering ritonavir with other protease inhibitors, see the full prescribing information for the co-administered protease inhibitor including important information for use in special populations. Lactation: Women infected with HIV should be instructed not to breastfeed due to the potential for HIV transmission. (8.2) 8.1 Pregnancy Pregnancy Exposure Registry There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to ritonavir during pregnancy. Healthcare providers are encouraged to register patients by calling the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry (APR) at 1-800-258-4263. Risk Summary Prospective pregnancy data from the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry (APR) are not sufficient to adequately assess the risk of birth defects or miscarriage. Available data from the APR show no difference in the rate of overall birth defects for ritonavir compared to the background rate for major birth defects of 2.7% in the U.S. reference population of the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP) [see Data ] . In animal reproduction studies, no evidence of adverse developmental outcomes was observed with oral administration of ritonavir to pregnant rats and rabbits. During organogenesis in the rat and rabbit, systemic exposure (AUC) was approximately 1/3 lower than human exposure at the recommended daily dose. In the rat pre- and post-natal developmental study, maternal systemic exposure to ritonavir was approximately 1/2 of the exposure in humans at the recommended daily dose, based on a body surface area conversion factor [see Data ] . The background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively. Data Human Data Based on prospective reports to the APR of approximately 6100 live births following exposure to ritonavir-containing regimens (including over 2800 live births exposed in the first trimester and over 3200 live births exposed in the second and third trimesters), there was no difference in the rate of overall birth defects for ritonavir compared with the background birth defect rate of 2.7% in the U.S. reference population of the MACDP. The prevalence of birth defects in live births was 2.3% (95% CI: 1.7% to 2.9%) following first-trimester exposure to ritonavir-containing regimens and 2.9% (95% CI: 2.3% to 3.5%) following second and third trimester exposure to ritonavir-containing regimens. While placental transfer of ritonavir and fetal ritonavir concentrations are generally low, detectable levels have been observed in cord blood samples and neonate hair. Animal Data Ritonavir was administered orally to pregnant rats (at 0, 15, 35, and 75 mg/kg/day) and rabbits (at 0, 25, 50, and 110 mg/kg/day) during organogenesis (on gestation days 6 through 17 and 6 through 19, respectively). No evidence of teratogenicity due to ritonavir was observed in rats and rabbits at doses producing systemic exposures (AUC) equivalent to approximately 1/3 lower than human exposure at the recommended daily dose. Developmental toxicity observed in rats (early resorptions, decreased fetal body weight and ossification delays and developmental variations) occurred at a maternally toxic dose, at an exposure equivalent to approximately 1/3 lower than human exposure at the recommended daily dose. A slight increase in the incidence of cryptorchidism was also noted in rats (at a maternally toxic dose) at an exposure approximately 1/5 lower than human exposure at the recommended daily dose. Developmental toxicity was observed in rabbits (resorptions, decreased litter size and decreased fetal weights) at maternally toxic doses approximately 1.8 times higher than the recommended daily dose, based on a body surface area conversion factor. In pre-and postnatal development study in rats, ritonavir was administered at doses of 0, 15, 35, and 60 mg/kg/day from gestation day 6 through postnatal day 20. At doses of 60 mg/kg/day, no developmental toxicity was noted with ritonavir dosage equivalent to 1/2 of the recommended daily dose, based on a body surface area conversion factor. 8.2 Lactation Risk Summary The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that HIV-infected mothers not breastfeed their infants to avoid risking postnatal transmission of HIV. Limited published data reports that ritonavir is present in human milk. There is no information on the effects of ritonavir on the breastfed infant or the effects of the drug on milk production. Because of the potential for (1) HIV transmission (in HIV-negative infants), (2) developing viral resistance (in HIV-positive infants) and (3) serious adverse reactions in a breastfed infant, instruct mothers not to breastfeed if they are receiving ritonavir. 8.3 Females and Males of Reproductive Potential Contraception Use of ritonavir may reduce the efficacy of combined hormonal contraceptives. Advise patients using combined hormonal contraceptives to use an effective alternative contraceptive method or an additional barrier method of contraception [see Drug Interactions (7.2) ] . 8.4 Pediatric Use In HIV-infected patients age greater than 1 month to 21 years, the antiviral activity and adverse event profile seen during clinical trials and through postmarketing experience were similar to that for adult patients. 8.5 Geriatric Use Clinical studies of ritonavir did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects.
Pregnancy
8.1 Pregnancy Pregnancy Exposure Registry There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to ritonavir during pregnancy. Healthcare providers are encouraged to register patients by calling the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry (APR) at 1-800-258-4263. Risk Summary Prospective pregnancy data from the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry (APR) are not sufficient to adequately assess the risk of birth defects or miscarriage. Available data from the APR show no difference in the rate of overall birth defects for ritonavir compared to the background rate for major birth defects of 2.7% in the U.S. reference population of the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP) [see Data ] . In animal reproduction studies, no evidence of adverse developmental outcomes was observed with oral administration of ritonavir to pregnant rats and rabbits. During organogenesis in the rat and rabbit, systemic exposure (AUC) was approximately 1/3 lower than human exposure at the recommended daily dose. In the rat pre- and post-natal developmental study, maternal systemic exposure to ritonavir was approximately 1/2 of the exposure in humans at the recommended daily dose, based on a body surface area conversion factor [see Data ] . The background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively. Data Human Data Based on prospective reports to the APR of approximately 6100 live births following exposure to ritonavir-containing regimens (including over 2800 live births exposed in the first trimester and over 3200 live births exposed in the second and third trimesters), there was no difference in the rate of overall birth defects for ritonavir compared with the background birth defect rate of 2.7% in the U.S. reference population of the MACDP. The prevalence of birth defects in live births was 2.3% (95% CI: 1.7% to 2.9%) following first-trimester exposure to ritonavir-containing regimens and 2.9% (95% CI: 2.3% to 3.5%) following second and third trimester exposure to ritonavir-containing regimens. While placental transfer of ritonavir and fetal ritonavir concentrations are generally low, detectable levels have been observed in cord blood samples and neonate hair. Animal Data Ritonavir was administered orally to pregnant rats (at 0, 15, 35, and 75 mg/kg/day) and rabbits (at 0, 25, 50, and 110 mg/kg/day) during organogenesis (on gestation days 6 through 17 and 6 through 19, respectively). No evidence of teratogenicity due to ritonavir was observed in rats and rabbits at doses producing systemic exposures (AUC) equivalent to approximately 1/3 lower than human exposure at the recommended daily dose. Developmental toxicity observed in rats (early resorptions, decreased fetal body weight and ossification delays and developmental variations) occurred at a maternally toxic dose, at an exposure equivalent to approximately 1/3 lower than human exposure at the recommended daily dose. A slight increase in the incidence of cryptorchidism was also noted in rats (at a maternally toxic dose) at an exposure approximately 1/5 lower than human exposure at the recommended daily dose. Developmental toxicity was observed in rabbits (resorptions, decreased litter size and decreased fetal weights) at maternally toxic doses approximately 1.8 times higher than the recommended daily dose, based on a body surface area conversion factor. In pre-and postnatal development study in rats, ritonavir was administered at doses of 0, 15, 35, and 60 mg/kg/day from gestation day 6 through postnatal day 20. At doses of 60 mg/kg/day, no developmental toxicity was noted with ritonavir dosage equivalent to 1/2 of the recommended daily dose, based on a body surface area conversion factor.
Pediatric use
8.4 Pediatric Use In HIV-infected patients age greater than 1 month to 21 years, the antiviral activity and adverse event profile seen during clinical trials and through postmarketing experience were similar to that for adult patients.
Geriatric use
8.5 Geriatric Use Clinical studies of ritonavir did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.
Overdosage
Acute Overdosage - Human Overdose Experience Human experience of acute overdose with ritonavir is limited. One patient in clinical trials took ritonavir 1500 mg per day for two days. The patient reported paresthesias which resolved after the dose was decreased. A post-marketing case of renal failure with eosinophilia has been reported with ritonavir overdose. The approximate lethal dose was found to be greater than 20 times the related human dose in rats and 10 times the related human dose in mice. Management of Overdosage Treatment of overdose with ritonavir consists of general supportive measures including monitoring of vital signs and observation of the clinical status of the patient. There is no specific antidote for overdose with ritonavir. If indicated, elimination of unabsorbed drug should be achieved by gastric lavage; usual precautions should be observed to maintain the airway. Administration of activated charcoal may also be used to aid in removal of unabsorbed drug. Since ritonavir is extensively metabolized by the liver and is highly protein bound, dialysis is unlikely to be beneficial in significant removal of the drug. A Certified Poison Control Center should be consulted for up-to-date information on the management of overdose with ritonavir.
Description
Ritonavir, USP is an inhibitor of HIV protease with activity against the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Ritonavir, USP is chemically designated as 10-Hydroxy-2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-1-[2-(1-methylethyl)-4-thiazolyl]-3,6-dioxo-8,11-bis(phenylmethyl)-2,4,7,12-tetraazatridecan-13-oic acid, 5-thiazolylmethyl ester, [5S-(5R*,8R*,10R*,11R*)]. Its molecular formula is C 37 H 48 N 6 O 5 S 2 , and its molecular weight is 720.95. Ritonavir, USP has the following structural formula: Ritonavir, USP is a white-to-light-tan powder. Ritonavir, USP has a bitter metallic taste. It is freely soluble in methanol and ethanol, soluble in isopropanol and practically insoluble in water. Ritonavir tablets, USP are available for oral administration in a strength of 100 mg ritonavir, USP with the following inactive ingredients: anhydrous dibasic calcium phosphate, colloidal silicon dioxide, copovidone, and sodium stearyl fumarate. The following are the ingredients in the film coating: hypromellose, polyethylene glycol, talc, and titanium dioxide. description formula
Mechanism of action
12.1 Mechanism of Action Ritonavir is an antiretroviral drug [see Microbiology (12.4) ] .
How supplied
Ritonavir Tablets USP, 100 mg Ritonavir tablets USP, 100 mg are supplied as white to off-white, oval, film-coated, unscored tablets debossed with "AN61" on one side and plain on the other side. They are available as follows: Bottles of 60: NDC 65162-061-06 Bottles of 360: NDC 65162-061-32 Recommended Storage Store at or below 30°C (86°F). Exposure to temperatures up to 50°C (122°F) for seven days permitted. Dispense in original container or USP equivalent tight container (60 mL or less). For patient use: exposure of this product to high humidity outside the original or USP equivalent tight container (60 mL or less) for longer than 2 weeks is not recommended.
Patient information
Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling ( Patient Information and Instructions for Use) General Administration Information [see Dosage and Administration (2) ] : Advise patients and caregivers to pay special attention to accurate preparation and administration of their dose to minimize the risk of accidental overdose or underdose of ritonavir. Advise caregivers to inform their healthcare provider if their child’s weight changes in order to make sure that the child’s ritonavir dose is adjusted as needed. Advise patients to take ritonavir with meals. For adult patients taking ritonavir tablets, the maximum dose of 600 mg twice daily by mouth with meals should not be exceeded. Advise patients to remain under the care of a physician while using ritonavir and to take ritonavir and other concomitant antiretroviral therapy every day as prescribed. Ritonavir must always be used in combination with other antiretroviral drugs. Advise patients not to alter the dose or discontinue therapy without consulting with their healthcare provider. If a dose of ritonavir is missed patients should take the dose as soon as possible and then return to their normal schedule. However, if a dose is skipped the patient should not double the next dose. Continued ritonavir therapy at a dose of 600 mg twice daily following loss of viral suppression may increase the likelihood of cross-resistance to other protease inhibitors. Ritonavir is not a cure for HIV-1 infection and patients may continue to experience illnesses associated with HIV-1 infection, including opportunistic infections. Patients should remain under the care of a physician when using ritonavir. Drug Interactions Ritonavir may interact with some drugs; therefore, patients should be advised to report to their doctor the use of any other prescription, non-prescription medication or herbal products, particularly St. John's Wort. Instruct patients receiving combined hormonal contraception to use an effective alternative contraceptive method or an additional barrier method during therapy with ritonavir because hormonal levels may decrease [see Drug Interactions (7.2) , Use in Specific Populations (8.3) ] . Hepatotoxicity Pre-existing liver disease including Hepatitis B or C can worsen with use of ritonavir. This can be seen as worsening of transaminase elevations or hepatic decompensation. Advise patients that their liver function tests will need to be monitored closely especially during the first several months of ritonavir treatment and that they should notify their healthcare provider if they develop the signs and symptoms of worsening liver disease including loss of appetite, abdominal pain, jaundice, and itchy skin [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ] . Pancreatitis Pancreatitis, including some fatalities, has been observed in patients receiving ritonavir therapy. Advise patients to notify their healthcare provider of signs and symptoms (nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain) that might be suggestive of pancreatitis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ] . Allergic Reactions/Hypersensitivity Skin rashes ranging in severity from mild to Stevens-Johnson syndrome have been reported in patients receiving ritonavir. Advise patients to contact their healthcare provider if they develop a rash while taking ritonavir [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) ] . PR Interval Prolongation Ritonavir may produce changes in the electrocardiogram (e.g., PR prolongation). Advise patients to consult their healthcare provider if they experience symptoms such as dizziness, lightheadedness, abnormal heart rhythm or loss of consciousness [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5) ] . Lipid Disorders Advise patients that treatment with ritonavir therapy can result in substantial increases in the concentration of total cholesterol and triglycerides [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6) ] . Diabetes Mellitus/Hyperglycemia Advise patients that new onset of diabetes or exacerbation of pre-existing diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia have been reported and to notify their healthcare provider if they develop the signs and symptoms of diabetes mellitus including frequent urination, excessive thirst, extreme hunger or unusual weight loss and/or an increased blood sugar while on ritonavir as they may require a change in their diabetes treatment or new treatment [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7) ] . Immune Reconstitution Syndrome Advise patients that immune reconstitution syndrome has been reported in HIV-infected patients treated with combination antiretroviral therapy, including ritonavir [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8) ] . Fat Redistribution Advise patients that redistribution or accumulation of body fat may occur in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy and that the cause and long term health effects of these conditions are not known at this time [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9) ] . Patients with Hemophilia Advise patients with hemophilia that they may experience increased bleeding when treated with protease inhibitors such as ritonavir [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10) ] . Pregnancy Exposure Registry Inform patients that there is an antiretroviral pregnancy registry that monitors fetal outcomes of pregnant women exposed to ritonavir [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1) ] . Lactation Instruct women with HIV-1 infection not to breastfeed because HIV-1 can be passed to the baby in breast milk [see Use in Specific Populations (8.2) ] . Distributed by: Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC Bridgewater, NJ 08807 U.S. Patent No. 10,034,865 Rev. 08-2026-06
Label text from the FDA structured product label by Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC (revised Aug 6, 2026). Long sections are shortened; the complete label is on DailyMed.
Active ingredients
- Ritonavir in 8 products
Ritonavir NDC products (8)
| NDC | Strength & form | Labeler | Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60687-420 | Ritonavir 100 mg/1 Tablet, Film Coated | American Health Packaging | ANDA |
| 65162-061 | Ritonavir 100 mg/1 Tablet | Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC | ANDA |
| 65862-687 | Ritonavir 100 mg/1 Tablet, Film Coated | Aurobindo Pharma Limited | ANDA |
| 63629-5702 | Ritonavir 100 mg/1 Tablet | Bryant Ranch Prepack | ANDA |
| 71335-2610 | Ritonavir 100 mg/1 Tablet, Film Coated | Bryant Ranch Prepack | ANDA |
| 31722-597 | Ritonavir 100 mg/1 Tablet | Camber Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | ANDA |
| 69097-655 | Ritonavir 100 mg/1 Tablet | Cipla USA Inc. | ANDA |
| 68071-3898 | Ritonavir 100 mg/1 Tablet, Film Coated | NuCare Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | ANDA |
Frequently asked questions
What is Ritonavir used for?
Ritonavir tablets are indicated in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Ritonavir tablets are HIV protease inhibitors indicated in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. (1)
What are the side effects of Ritonavir?
The following adverse reactions are discussed in greater detail in other sections of the labeling. Drug Interactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ] Hepatotoxicity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ] Pancreatitis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ] Allergic Reactions/Hypersensitivity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) ] When co-administering ritonavir with other protease inhibitors,… See the full label for the complete list.
Who makes Ritonavir?
Ritonavir is listed by 7 labelers in the FDA NDC directory, including American Health Packaging, Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC, Aurobindo Pharma Limited, Bryant Ranch Prepack.